Clinical importance and therapeutic modulation of small dense low-density lipoprotein particles

Irene F Gazi

‌¹, Vasilis Tsimihodimos

‌², Alexandros D Tselepis

‌³, Moses Elisaf

‌² & Dimitri P Mikhailidis

‌^†⁴

¹Royal Free Hospital (and University College of Medicine), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pond St, London, NW3 2QG, UK

²University of Ioannina, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Ioannina, Greece

³Professor of Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ioannina, Greece

⁴Academic Head of Department, Reader and Honorary Consultant, Royal Free Hospital (and University College of Medicine), Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pond St, London, NW3 2QG, UK. mikhailidis@aol.com

†

Author for correspondence

The National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III accepted the predominance of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) as an emerging cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Most studies suggest that measuring low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size, sdLDL cholesterol content and LDL particle number provides additional assessment of CVD risk. Therapeutic modulation of small LDL size, number and distribution may decrease CVD risk; however, no definitive causal relationship is established, probably due to the close association between sdLDL and triglycerides and other risk factors (e.g., high-density lipoprotein, insulin resistance and diabetes). This review addresses the formation and measurement of sdLDL, as well as the relationship between sdLDL particles and CVD. The effect of hypolipidaemic (statins, fibrates and ezetimibe) and hypoglycaemic (glitazones) agents on LDL size and distribution is also discussed.

Full Text | PDF (583 KB) | PDF Plus (676 KB)

Forward Links to Citing Articles

M. Hanefeld. (2009) The role of pioglitazone in modifying the atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 11:8, 742-756
Online publication date: 1-Sep-2009.
CrossRef

Jan H van Ee. (2009) Soy constituents: modes of action in low-density lipoprotein management. Nutrition Reviews 67:4, 222-234
Online publication date: 1-May-2009.
CrossRef

K. G. Lagos, T. D. Filippatos, V. Tsimihodimos, I. F. Gazi, C. Rizos, A. D. Tselepis, D. P. Mikhailidis, Moses S. Elisaf. (2009) Alterations in the High Density Lipoprotein Phenotype and HDL-Associated Enzymes in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. Lipids 44:1, 9-16
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2009.
CrossRef

CV Rizos, Moses Elisaf, DP Mikhailidis, EN Liberopoulos. (2009) How safe is the use of thiazolidinediones in clinical practice?. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 8:1, 15-32
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2009.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (288 KB) | PDF Plus (244 KB)

Konstantinos Tziomalos, Vasilios G. Athyros, Asterios Karagiannis, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis. (2009) Omega-3 fatty acids: How can they be used in secondary prevention?. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 10:6, 510-517
Online publication date: 1-Jan-2009.
CrossRef

M Florentin, EN Liberopoulos, TD Filippatos, C Kostara, A Tselepis, DP Mikhailidis, M Elisaf. (2008) Effect of rimonabant, micronised fenofibrate and their combination on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese patients: a pilot study. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9:16, 2741-2750
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2008.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (262 KB) | PDF Plus (249 KB)

H. Robert Superko, Radhika R. Gadesam. (2008) Is it LDL particle size or number that correlates with risk for cardiovascular disease?. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 10:5, 377-385
Online publication date: 1-Nov-2008.
CrossRef

Konstantinos Tziomalos, Vasilios G Athyros, Asterios Karagiannis, Dimitri P Mikhailidis. (2008) Established and emerging vascular risk factors and the development of aortic stenosis: an opportunity for prevention?. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 12:7, 809-820
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (251 KB) | PDF Plus (231 KB)

E. S. Nakou, T. D. Filippatos, M. Georgoula, D. N. Kiortsis, A. D. Tselepis, D. P. Mikhailidis, M. S. Elisaf. (2008) The effect of orlistat and ezetimibe, alone or in combination, on serum LDL and small dense LDL cholesterol levels in overweight and obese patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24:7, 1919-1929
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (173 KB) | PDF Plus (173 KB)

M Florentin, EN Liberopoulos, DP Mikhailidis, Elisaf MS. (2008) Sitagliptin in clinical practice: a new approach in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 9:10, 1705-1720
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (278 KB) | PDF Plus (305 KB)

Vasilios G Athyros, Anna I Kakafika, Konstantinos Tziomalos, Asterios Karagiannis, Dimitri P Mikhailidis. (2008) Antisense technology for the prevention or the treatment of cardiovascular disease: The next blockbuster?. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 17:7, 969-972
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2008.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (211 KB) | PDF Plus (210 KB)

Vasilios G Athyros, Anna Kakafika, Konstantinos Tziomalos, Asterios Karagiannis, Dimitri P Mikhailidis. (2008) Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition and HDL increase: has the dream ended?. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 17:4, 445-449
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008.
Summary | Full Text | PDF (100 KB) | PDF Plus (165 KB)

Irene F. Gazi, Haralampos J. Milionis, Theodosios D. Filippatos, Vasilis Tsimihodimos, Michael S. Kostapanos, Michael Doumas, Alexandros D. Tselepis, Moses Elisaf. (2008) Hypertriglyceridaemic waist phenotype criteria and prevalent metabolic triad in women. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 24:3, 223-230
Online publication date: 1-Apr-2008.
CrossRef

U. Julius, M. Dittrich, J. Pietzsch. (2007) Factors influencing the formation of small dense low-density lipoprotein particles in dependence on the presence of the metabolic syndrome and on the degree of glucose intolerance. International Journal of Clinical Practice 61:11, 1798-1804
Online publication date: 1-Dec-2007.
CrossRef

Vasilios G. Athyros, Anna I. Kakafika, Athanasios A. Papageorgiou, Konstantinos Tziomalos, Athanasios Skaperdas, Efstathios Pagourelias, Athina Pirpasopoulou, Asterios Karagiannis, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis. (2007) Atorvastatin Decreases Triacylglycerol-Associated Risk of Vascular Events in Coronary Heart Disease Patients. Lipids 42:11, 999-1009
Online publication date: 24-Nov-2007.
CrossRef

Manfredi Rizzo, Kaspar Berneis. (2007) Update on the role of the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in cardiovascular prevention. Future Cardiology 3:5, 553-558
Online publication date: 1-Oct-2007.
CrossRef

R. Donnelly. (2007) Effect of pioglitazone on the drivers of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Clinical Practice 61:7, 1160-1169
Online publication date: 1-Aug-2007.
CrossRef

Manfredi Rizzo, Giovam Battista Rini, Kaspar Berneis. (2007) Effects of statins, fibrates, rosuvastatin, and ezetimibe beyond cholesterol: The modulation of LDL size and subclasses in high-risk patients. Advances in Therapy 24:3, 575-582
Online publication date: 1-Jun-2007.
CrossRef

Mihalis Kalogirou, Vasilis Tsimihodimos, Irene Gazi, Theodosios Filippatos, Vasilis Saougos, Alexandros D. Tselepis, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, Moses Elisaf. (2007) Effect of ezetimibe monotherapy on the concentration of lipoprotein subfractions in patients with primary dyslipidaemia. Current Medical Research and Opinion 23:5, 1169-1176
Online publication date: 1-May-2007.
Summary | PDF (308 KB) | PDF Plus (309 KB)

Manfredi Rizzo, Kaspar Berneis. (2007) The clinical significance of the size of low-density-lipoproteins and the modulation of subclasses by fibrates. Current Medical Research and Opinion 23:5, 1103-1111
Online publication date: 1-May-2007.
Summary | PDF (271 KB) | PDF Plus (272 KB)